Background: The modern approach to palpable breast masses is to get cytopathologic diagnosis before definitive surgery. We aimed to compare fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) with core biopsy in histopathologic diagnosis of palpable breast masses. Materials and Methods: Data were collected on 123 women who have suspicious palpable breast masses from 2007 to 2010. Results: Of the 123 patients, core biopsies were performed on 64 patients (Group 1) and FNAC on 59 patients (Group 2). Malignancy was confirmed in 25 out of 32 clinically suspicious patients in Group 1 (78.1%), and 20 out of 21 participants in Group 2 (95.2%). Among the clinically suspicious patients, 81.8% of 33 patients in Group 1, and 90.3% of 31 patients in Group 2 were identified malignancy. Sensitivity was 100% for core biopsy and 95% for FNAC. Specificity was 100% in both procedures. False negativity rate in FNAC were 5%. Conclusion: Sensitivity and specificity showed that in the case of true histopathologic classification, core biopsy is superior to FNAC. Nevertheless, FNAC's role as a fast, simple and cheap diagnosis cannot be ignored. It is an effective diagnostic tool in most patients, in comparison to the correct and specific typing of core biopsies in benign lesions which protect patients from the open biopsy.

Background: Intertrochanteric femur fractures are elderly is very common and can be treated by different fixation methods such as internal fixation and arthroplasty. In our study, we investigated the correlation between the hemiarthroplasty treatment method and functional results. Materials and Methods: The study consists of 121 patients with intertrochanteric fractures and these patients are divided into three groups. Eighty-five were male and 36 were female. Group I was uncemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty patients, Group II was cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty and Group III was cemented calcar preserving bipolar hemiarthroplasty. Mean follow-up period was 16 months. Harris hip score was used to evaluate functional outcome of the patients. Results: There were no significant differences between three groups when comparing the mortality rate in the 1^st month and 1^st year but all time mortality was proportionally lower in Group I comparing to the two other groups. There were no significant differences between three groups when comparing the functional results in 1^st month and 1^st year. Conclusion: In our study, uncemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty is a preferable treatment over the two other arthroplasty treatment model (cemented bipolar and calcar preserving) regarding to the mortality rate since there is no significant difference between. This conclusion needs further studies with greater number of patients.

Background: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in HIV-infected patients is very limited in the Ghanaian setting and may vary across the globe by the different study populations and criteria used. Aim: We investigated the prevalence of MetS among HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) at the St. Dominic Hospital, Akwatia, Ghana. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 433 HIV-infected patients (294 on HAART and 139 HAART-naÏve) from the period of February 2013 to December 2013. Information on the demographic, clinical, anthropometric characteristics were obtained and lipid profile for each patient was assessed. MetS was assessed based on the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III), World Health Organization (WHO) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Results: The prevalence of MetS was 24.5% according to WHO criteria, 48.3% by NCEP-ATP III criteria, and 42.3% by IDF criteria. In general, participants on HAART were significantly associated with higher prevalence of MetS compared to those without HAART (P < 0.05) irrespective of the criteria used. Prevalence of clustering components of MetS was significantly higher among those on HAART when risk scores of 2 and above were used compared with those not on HAART (P < 0.05). Conclusion: HAART recipient developed MetS as indicated by dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and abnormal body fat. It is incumbent on health giver to incorporate MetS assessment as a part of treatment and management plan in patients receiving HAART.

Background: The surgical management of ameloblastoma can have a profound functional and psychological effect on a patient's quality of life (QoL). The aim of this study was to compare the pre- and post-operative QoL outcomes of patients requiring surgical treatment for ameloblastoma. Patients and Methods: A total number of 30 patients were identified as fulfilling the criteria for this study. They included 18 males and 12 females, aged between 14 and 47 years with a mean of 27.3 years (standard deviation 10.2). Each patient completed a modified version of the University of Washington QoL questionnaire version 4, a day to surgery and postoperatively on the 7^th day, 3 months, and 6 months. Results: Following surgical treatment of patients for ameloblastoma, the QoL decreased immediately after surgery. It then gradually improved over time and exceeded the preoperative value at 6 months postoperatively. When analyzed with respect to location, posteriorly placed tumors had the best postoperative QoL outcome. Patients expressed concern more about their appearance preoperatively while postoperative concerns were mostly focused on their ability to chew. Conclusion: Significant improvement occurred in QoL scores following surgical management of ameloblastoma. The small sample size utilized in this study limits a definitive conclusion. A larger multicenter study is therefore recommended.

Background: Healthcare professionals (HCPs) are perceived as statutory advocates for healthy living and promotion of healthy behaviors such as regular participation in physical activity (PA). This study assessed and compared pedometer-determined PA of different urban HCPs in a Nigerian tertiary hospital. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 180 HCPs from a tertiary hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. PA was measured by daily walking steps using a pedometer. Results: The mean step count obtained was 7,396.94 ± 2,714.63 steps/day. Only 20% of the HCPs met a minimum PA of 10,000 steps/day. About one-third (34.4%) of the HCPs were low active and less than a quarter (23.9%) were somewhat active. Further, less than half (43.9%) of the HCPs were found to have PA levels ≥7,500 steps/day. Overall, nurses had the highest step counts (7,980 steps/day) followed by physiotherapists (7,332 steps/day), while pharmacists had the lowest step counts (6,201 steps/day). There was however no significant difference in the mean step counts of the various cadres of the HCPs (P > 0.05). Step counts of HCPs were found to significantly negatively correlate with their age (r = −0.53; P < 0.001), body mass index (r = −0.39; P < 0.001), and body fat percentage (r = −0.42; P < 0.001). Conclusion: PA profile of the HCPs was mostly characterized by a low active PA level and less than a quarter met the recommended minimum of 10,000 steps/day.

Background: Preserved versus nonpreserved formulations for ophthalmic use have been well described in the literature although not specifically in the African population where beta blockers are frequently used as the first-line therapy due to economic and availability issues. This study sought to determine the effect of preserved and preservative-free Timolol eye drops on tear film stability in healthy black Africans. Materials and Methods: Sixty healthy nondry eye subjects aged 19–25 years were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 15) and differently treated with eye drops of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), preservative-free timolol (PFT), benzalkonium chloride (BAK) only, and BAK-preserved timolol (BPT). Noninvasive tear break-up time (NITBUT) was measured using the keratometer at baseline and 30, 60, and 90 min after drop application. Results: No significant decline in NITBUT was observed following treatment with PFT and PBS. However, BAK treatment showed a positive time-dependent significant decline in NITBUT (P < 0.001) while a significant decline in the BPT-treated group was only found at 90 min (−3.52 s; P < 0.001). In comparison to the PFT-treated group, treatment with BAK and BPT showed significantly lower NITBUT (P < 0.001). Conclusion: BPT is associated with a significant decline in tear film stability in black Africans. This finding has implications in the management of glaucoma in patients with high-risk of dry eyes in this population.

Background: The upsurge in the reported cases of diverticular disease (DD) has led to a re-appraisal of the earlier held views that it was a rare entity in Nigeria. The advent of colonoscopy has contributed in no small way to this change. We sought to determine the clinical characteristics, indications for colonoscopy, and intra-procedural findings among these patients. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out on the colonoscopy records from four private endoscopy units based in Lagos State, Nigeria. The records were drawn from a 5-year period (August 2010 to July 2015). The endoscopy logs and reports were reviewed, and the bio data, indications, and colonoscopy findings were gleaned. Results: A total of 265 colonoscopies were carried out in the stated period. Of these, 28 (10.6%) had DD. Of the patients with DD, 5 (17.9%) were females while 23 (82.1%) were males. Their ages ranged from 46 to 94 years (mean = 68.2 ± 11 years). Fifteen patients had been referred for the procedure on account of hematochezia alone (15 = 53.6%). Other reasons for referral included abdominal pain alone (2 = 7%), hematochezia plus abdominal pain (5 = 17.9%), and change in bowel habits (3 = 10.8%). Ten (35%) patients had pan-colonic involvement. Regional disease involved the right side alone in only one case (3.5%) while the other combinations of sites are as follows; 6 (21.4%) in the sigmoid colon alone, 2 (7%) in the descending colon alone, 5 (17.9%) in the sigmoid–descending colon, 4 (14.3%) in the sigmoid-descending-transverse colon, thus the sigmoid colon was involved in 25 (89.3%) cases. Five cases (17.9%) had endoscopic features suggestive of diverticulitis. Conclusions: DD should no longer be regarded as a rare problem in the Nigerian patient. The study findings support the notion of higher prevalence among the elderly, in males, and of sigmoid colon involvement.

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infections in children. This studyaimed to investigate the oxidative and antioxidate status of plasma in patients with UTI and to compare them with those of the controls. Methods: This case–control study of 50–75 children in the given order was performed in 2013 at the Pediatric Clinic of infections in Zahedan Hospital of Ali Ibn Abi Talib. The antioxidative status of plasma were evaluated by measuring the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) The oxidative status of samples was assessed by measuring the total peroxide and the oxidative stress index (OSI) levels. The means of the parameters were compared and the relationship among them was determined. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20 (IBM Corp. Released 2011. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). Student's t-test and Mann–Whitney U-test were applied in various situations of our questions; 95% confidence interval was considered for the level of significance. Results: The results showed that total oxidant serum status in UTI patients was higher compared to controls when total antioxidant serum was lower. The balance of oxidant-antioxidant serum was in favor of oxidant serum and this term was confirmed by OSI. Conclusion: Our results showed that the plasma levels of TAC in patients with UTI were decreased compared to controls, and oxidant-antioxidant balance and OSI caused increased OS in patients.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease characterized by insulin deficiency or peripheral resistance resulting in hyperglycemia. Poor glycemic control leads to diabetic complications. Hyperuricemia has been reported with increased risk of renal insufficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between serum uric acid concentration, degree of urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Type 2 DM (T2DM) patients. Materials and Methods: Serum uric acid concentrations, urine microalbumin, and HbA1c were measured in fifty T2DM patients. We then evaluated relationship between uric acid concentrations, degree of UAE and glycemic control as well as other confounding variables. Results: Serum uric acid concentration correlated positively with UAE (r = 0.323, P < 0.05), age (r = 0.337, P < 0.05), age at onset (r = 0.341, P < 0.05), and duration of DM (r = 0.312, P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that serum uric acid concentration (<β = 0.293, P < 0.0001), duration of DM (<β = 0.261, P < 0.0001), HbA1c (<β = 0.173, P < 0.005), and systolic blood pressure (<β = 0.268, P < 0.005) were independent determinants of UAE. Conclusions: Serum uric acid concentration is associated with microalbuminuria and HbA1c in T2DM patients.

Background: Fetal malnutrition (FM) which describes the underweight/wasting seen in newborns is a significant contributor to perinatal morbidity and mortality and requires proper documentation. The objective of this study was to assess the nutritional status of term newborns at birth using Clinical Assessment of Nutritional (CAN) status score and four other anthropometric indices and to compare the efficiency of CAN score and the anthropometric indices in identifying FM in term newborns. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on live singleton babies delivered ≥37–42 completed weeks of gestation at the inborn unit of Lagos University Teaching Hospital without major congenital abnormalities or severe perinatal illness. Birth weights and lengths were recorded at birth. Ponderal index (PI), body mass index (BMI), and mid-arm/head circumference (MAC/HC) ratio were calculated and the values were compared with standard curves. The CAN score consisted of inspection and estimation of loss of subcutaneous tissues and muscles. FM was defined as CAN score <25. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences statistics software version 17.0. Results: Two hundred and eighty-two newborns were analyzed. FM was identified in 14.5%, 10.3%, 13.1%, and 2.8% of newborns using CAN score, PI, BMI, and MAC/HC ratio, respectively. Out of the FM babies identified by CAN score, PI, MAC/HC, and BMI identified 19.5%, 12.3%, and 53.7% of them as FM also. BMI was the most sensitive anthropometric index for detecting FM. Conclusion: CAN score is a simple clinical tool for identifying FM and when used in conjunction with BMI will enhance FM detection.

Background: A complex nonunion of the shaft of the tibia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with lower extremity injuries. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of the functional and radiological outcome of complex nonunion shaft of tibia, treated by radical debridement, Ilizarov ring fixator with compression and distraction osteogenesis. Methods: From 2005 to 2010, sixty cases of complex nonunion shaft of tibia were included in our study. All infected nonunions were managed by radical debridement, fixed with Ilizarov ring fixator, monofocal/bifocal compression, and distraction osteogenesis. The average duration of follow-up is 36 months (26–50 months). The functional evaluation was done by using Association for the Study and Application of Methods of Ilizarov (ASAMI) scoring system and bone union with serial radiographs. Results: All patients had a successful union. The mean time for union was 7 months (5–9 months). The mean time of fixator removal is 12 months (8–14 months). Every patient had pin tract infections which were successfully treated with oral antibiotics. Four patients had an equinus deformity, one patient had insignificant limb shortening (1.5 cm), and three patients had soft tissue dystrophy. Using the ASAMI scoring system, we obtained 45 excellent, 10 good, 3 fair, and 2 poor functional results. Conclusions: The Ilizarov technique for complex nonunions has a high rate of success in achieving union and eradicating infection, bone loss, and malalignment. Radical debridement is the key step to control bone infection.

Background: Lymphadenopathy is the common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in the developing country like India. The aim of the study was to assess the clinical and the pathological features of tuberculous peripheral lymphadenopathy along with the effect of the antitubercular drugs on its clinical course. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was carried out in the department of pulmonary medicine from July 2013 to June 2014. Clinico-demographical and pathological characteristics of the patients of tuberculous lymphadenopathy were studied. Results: Two and four cases, 84 (41.2%) male and 120 (58.8%) females were diagnosed as the cases of tuberculous lymphadenopathy. Mean age of the patients were 28.45 ± 12.83. Palpable mass (100%) was the most common presenting feature. Cervical lymphadenopathy (92.6%) was the most common presentation of peripheral tuberculous lymphadenopathy. Most common cytological pattern seen was epithelioid granuloma with caseous necrosis (32.84%) followed by epithelioid granuloma without caseous necrosis on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Directly observed treatment short course (DOTS) for TB was effective in treating tuberculous lymphadenopathy. Conclusion: Tuberculous lymphadenopathy affects female more often than males. FNAC is the effective mean in diagnosing tuberculous lymphadenopathy. DOTS is the effective mean for treating tuberculous lymphadenopathy.

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a challenging complication with a frequency of 0.5–3%. The patient's age, recurrent surgeries, and comorbid systemic diseases increase the risk of infection. Although the current approach in the treatment of PJI is a two-stage revision; sometimes, removing all the implants can lead to more serious complications. PJI's complications are increase in the time of surgery, loss of blood volume, and increase in the amount of bone loss. Infected soft tissue and dead bone tissue debridement must be made in all cases. One of our cases had bone defects due to recurrent hip arthroplasty revisions. Our case that was given PJI treatment by covering the well-fixed components with bone cement and removing only the mobile parts was discussed in line with the literature.

One of the most common and benign variants of normal human karyotype is pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 (inv[9][p11q13]). Despite being categorized as a normal variant, there are several reports of its association with various disease conditions. Here, we report a 27 year old female, who presented to us with primary infertility. The woman was diagnosed with inv (9)(p11q13) which was acknowledged as the reason for her otherwise unexplained infertility. The couple thereupon underwent in vitro fertilization using donor oocyte resulting in live birth. The clinical significance of this minor chromosomal rearrangement, need for genetic counseling, and subsequent reproductive guidance is highlighted in this report.